What do proteins change from and to during protein synthesis?

During protein synthesis, the fundamental role of proteins is to convert genetic information stored in DNA, which is transcribed to mRNA, into functional proteins made of amino acids. The process begins with transcription, where specific sequences of DNA are used to synthesize mRNA. Following this, during translation, ribosomes read the mRNA sequence in sets of three nucleotides, known as codons. Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid, which are the building blocks of proteins.

Thus, the transformation happening during protein synthesis is from nucleotides in mRNA to amino acids that constitute proteins, reinforcing that the correct answer is the conversion of nucleotides to amino acids. This process is critical for cellular function, enabling the translation of genetic information into the diverse array of proteins necessary for life.

The incorrect choices refer to transformations that do not occur during protein synthesis. For example, converting nucleotides to sugars or amino acids to nucleotides does not align with the steps involved in synthesizing proteins. Similarly, sugars are not directly involved in the translation process where nucleotides are converted to amino acids. Understanding this key aspect of molecular biology clarifies the pathway from DNA through mRNA, leading to the final product of proteins.